On September 28, 2015, the U.S. Department of Labor Administrative Review Board (“ARB”) held that the recording of workplace conversations can be protected whistleblower activity under the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (“ERA”).  Franchini v. Argonne National Laboratory, ARB Case No. 13-081 (Sep. 28, 2015).

Background

The Claimant made several safety complaints both to management and to the Department of Energy (“DOE”).  Throughout his employment, he took pictures and recorded approximately 50 conversations with coworkers and management personnel, often without their knowledge or consent, which in some instances involved workplace concerns.  According to the Claimant, he recorded these conversations and took those pictures because he “anticipated seeking resolution of the problems he had identified ‘outside the Lab.’”  Slip Op. at 4.  In a meeting with management, Claimant admitted to recording co-workers without their consent and was directed to produce the recordings.  When the Claimant produced some, but not all of the recordings, he was terminated for insubordination.  Notably, the employer did not have a written policy expressly prohibiting the taping of conversations, and the Employee Conduct Policy’s definition of insubordination did not define the term or expressly discuss audio recordings.

ARB’s Ruling

Reversing the ALJ’s grant of the employer’s motion for summary judgment, the ARB held that the Claimant’s recordings constituted protected activity because they were purportedly made to address Claimant’s workplace concerns.  In addition, the ARB held that even if the Claimant’s refusal to turn over his tapes was a true reason for his discharge, that did “not rule out protected activity as a contributing factor in the termination of his employment.”  Id. at 18.  In so ruling, the ARB also noted that the Claimant’s conduct arguably suggested that he attempted to comply with the employer’s directive, creating an issue of fact.

Implications

Though troubling to management, the ARB’s decision is perhaps unsurprising because it previously held in Benjamin v. Citationshares Management LLC, ARB Case No. 12-029 (Nov. 5, 2013) that an employee’s attempt to secretly record a meeting constituted protected activity under AIR 21 because he was attempting “to provide information of retaliation that violates [Act].”   Nevertheless, the ARB’s embrace of surreptitious recordings as the foundation for projected activity is at odds with some court decisions arising in other (but analogous) contexts, including a recent decision out of the Second Circuit.  See Desardouin v. Rochester, 708 F.3d 102 (2d Cir. Feb. 19, 2013) (affirming grant of summary judgment on Title VII retaliation claim in favor of employer because Defendant proffered a legitimate reason for terminating Plaintiff (i.e. making “secret recordings of conversations of police officials,”) which was a felony and a violation of departmental policy).

It remains to be seen whether courts will similarly view secret recordings as conduct protected by anti-retaliation statutes.  Notably though, employers who have promulgated policies prohibiting secret recordings may be able to distinguish this decision and establish a viable defense to liability because the ARB, inGalinsky v. BOA, No. 11-057 (ARB Oct. 31, 2012), affirmed the dismissal of a SOX whistleblower retaliation claim on the grounds that the employee’s secret tape recording and downloading of company data violated the company’s employee handbook.

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Photo of Steven J. Pearlman Steven J. Pearlman

Steven J. Pearlman is a partner in the Labor & Employment Law Department, where he is Head of the Restrictive Covenants, Trade Secrets & Unfair Competition Group and Co-Head of the Whistleblowing & Retaliation Group.

Employment, Whistleblower, Restrictive Covenant and Trade Secret Practice.

Steven J. Pearlman is a partner in the Labor & Employment Law Department, where he is Head of the Restrictive Covenants, Trade Secrets & Unfair Competition Group and Co-Head of the Whistleblowing & Retaliation Group.

Employment, Whistleblower, Restrictive Covenant and Trade Secret Practice. Steven’s national practice focuses on defending companies in federal and state courts and arbitration against claims of: discrimination, retaliation and harassment, including claims brought by high-level executives; whistleblower retaliation; restrictive covenant violations; theft of trade secrets; and wage-and-hour violations (including class, collective and PAGA actions).

Illustrating his versatility, Steven has successfully handled bench and jury trials in multiple jurisdictions (e.g., Illinois, California, Florida and Texas); defended one of the largest Illinois-only class actions in the history of the federal courts in Chicago; and prevailed following his oral arguments before the Seventh Circuit and state appellate courts. Steven brings his litigation experience to bear in counseling clients to minimize risk and avoid or prepare for success in litigation.

Investigations. Reporting to boards of directors, their audit committees, CEOs and in-house counsel, Steven conducts sensitive investigations and has testified in federal court. His investigations have involved complaints of sexual harassment involving C-suite officers; systemic violations of employment laws and company policies; and fraud, compliance failures and unethical conduct.

Thought Leadership and Accolades. Steven was named Lawyer of the Year for Chicago Labor & Employment Litigation in the 2023 edition of The Best Lawyers in America. He was also named as One of the Top 10 Impactful Labor & Employment Lawyers in Illinois for 2023 by Business Today. He is a Fellow of the College of Labor and Employment Lawyers. Chambers describes Steven as an “outstanding lawyer” who is “very sharp and very responsive,” a “strong advocate,” and an “expert in his field.” Chambers also reports that “He is someone who can navigate the twists and turns of litigation without difficulty. Steven is great with brief-writing, crafting arguments, and making sure the client is always happy.”

Steven was 1 of 12 individuals selected by Compliance Week as a “Top Mind.” Earlier in his career, he was 1 of 5 U.S. lawyers selected by Law360 as a “Rising Star Under 40” in the area of employment law and 1 of “40 Illinois Attorneys Under Forty to Watch” selected by Law Bulletin Publishing Company. Steven is a Burton Award Winner (U.S. Library of Congress) for “Distinguished Legal Writing.”

Steven was appointed to Law360’s Employment Editorial Advisory Board and selected as a Contributor to Forbes.com. He has appeared on Bloomberg News (television and radio) and Yahoo! Finance, and is often quoted in leading publications such as The Wall Street Journal.

The U.S. Chamber of Commerce has engaged Steven to serve as lead counsel on amicus briefs to the U.S. Supreme Court and federal circuit courts of appeal. He was appointed to serve as a Special Assistant Attorney General for the State of Illinois in employment litigation matters. He has presented with the Solicitor of the DOL, the Acting Chair of the EEOC, an EEOC Commissioner, Legal Counsel to the EEOC, and heads of the SEC, CFTC and OSHA whistleblower programs. He is also a member of the Sedona Conference, focusing on trade secret matters.

In 2024, Steven received the Excellence in Pro Bono Service Award from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois and the Chicago Chapter of the Federal Bar Association.